Selling Homosexuality to America
Paul E. Rondeu
"Institutional sites from which discourse proceeds must be identified . . . Discourse is power itself, and the power to control discourse is thus the master power in any society."1
"Truth is not the issue. The issue is power."2
I. Introduction
Among America's culture wars, one of today's most intense controversies rages around
the issue alternatively identified, depending on one's point of view, as "normalizing
homosexuality" or "accepting gayness." The debate is truly a social-
This article explores how gay rights 3 activists use rhetoric, psychology, social psychology, and the media–all the elements of modern marketing–to position homosexuality in order to frame what is discussed in the public arena and how it is discussed. In essence, when it comes to homosexuality, activists want to shape "what everyone knows" and "what everyone takes for granted" even if everyone does not really know and even if it should not be taken for granted.4
The first strategy of persuasion is to establish a favorable climate for your message
so that the communicator (marketer) can influence the future decision without even
appearing to be persuading. Pratkanis and Aronson refer to this as pre-
Part II of this article provides a brief overview of the social climate and politics that ultimately led to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) imprimatur of homosexual behavior. The declassification of homosexuality as a disorder by the APA provides context for the propaganda war proposed by Kirk and Madsen's homosexual manifesto fifteen years later. The section ends by reviewing the main elements of the campaign including the call to specifically discredit, intimidate, and silence opponents with particular attention paid to conservative Christians.
Part III presents the connection between persuasion and democratic processes. Rhetoric,
persuasive communication, propaganda, and social psychology theories are foundational
to the concept of selling homosexuality as presented in this article. The purpose
of this section is to provide a greater understanding of why persuasion works in
order to strengthen the later discussion of how it is applied in the mass persuasion
techniques evidenced in today's "gay rights"-
Part IV moves to the "4-
Part V presents several real examples of how this strategy is employed in five important markets of social influence. The areas examined, which touch every citizen in America, are government, education, organized religion, the media, and the workplace.
Part VI concludes by recapping some achievements of the gay rights campaign and discussing what these may portend for their opponents and American society in the future.
II. Getting Here From There
A. Kinsey to the APA Victory of 1973
A basic understanding of how the social definition of homosexuality has seen change over the course of this century is important. Homosexuality was considered criminal under the law and evil by the church. Homosexuals were rescued by the medical establishment when the condition was "medicalized" early in the 1900s and redefined as a pathological condition, a disease. Then, beginning in the 1950s, scientific and political forces converged.9
Until Alfred Kinsey claimed that the large majority of Americans had homosexual interests and John D. Rockefeller's empire marketed Kinsey's voluminous Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953) studies10 five decades ago, few ever spoke of homosexuality in public let alone as a public possibility. It certainly was not "O.K. to be gay" openly in America. Even so, several years after the Kinsey bombshells, the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP), an organization of esteemed physicians founded by the noted psychiatrist William C. Menninger, still defined homosexuality as a treatable disease, a sexual perversion, and as psychological (not biological) in nature.11
As late as 1960, all fifty states maintained laws criminalizing sodomy. In 1963 the New York Academy of Medicine Committee on Public Health, restated that not only was homosexuality a disease (disorder), "some homosexuals have gone beyond the plane of defensiveness and now argue that deviancy is a 'desirable, noble, preferable way of life.'"12 In 1970, it was estimated that 84% of Americans agreed homosexuality was a "social corruption."13 In fact, far from homosexuality being considered just a social aberration, it was still officially defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a mental disorder.
Years of disruptive homosexual protests at APA annual conferences, some openly backed
by the Gay Liberation Front, and aggressive internal homosexual activism finally
changed all that in 1973.14 This political and non-
B. Sans Facts, Logic, or Proof
1. The Need for War
"In February 1988, a 'war conference' of 175 leading gay activists, representing
organizations from across the land, convened in Warrenton,Virginia, (near Washington,
D.C.) to establish a four-
The war goal was to force acceptance of homosexual culture into the mainstream, to silence opposition, and ultimately to convert American society. This "stunningly systematic and controversial blueprint . . . of carefully calculated public relations propaganda,"19 has value as a template to guide discussion of how the homosexual movement20 hopes to achieve social power and codify homosexual behavior as a right.
Warfare-
2. Desensitize, Jam, and Convert
The extensive three-
Desensitization is described as inundating the public in a "continuous flood of gay-
Warren describes in Seeing Through the Media where it "is not raw overt coercion; it is one group's covert orchestration of compliance by another group through structuring the consciousness of the second group."28 Jamming makes use of the rules of Associative Conditioning . . .and Direct Emotional Modeling. . . . [T]he bigot need not actually be made to believe . . . that others will now despise him . . . [r]ather, our effect is achieved without reference to facts, logic, or proof. . . . [W]hether he is conscious of the attack or not. Indeed, the more he [the bigot] is distracted by any incidental, even specious, surface arguments, the less conscious he'll be of the true nature of the process–which is all to the good.29 Jamming is psychological terrorism meant to silence expression of or even support for dissenting opinion. According to one knowledgeable source, "Dr. Laura is only the most visible victim of this new assault on free speech and thought."30
The final stage, Conversion, means the "conversion of the average American's emotions, mind, and will, through a planned psychological attack, in the form of propaganda fed to the nation via the media." With Conversion, the bigot is shown images of "his crowd actually associating with gays in good fellowship."31 The alleged bigot "is repeatedly exposed to literal picture/label pairs . . . of gays . . . carefully selected to look either like the bigot and his friends, or like any one of his other stereotypes of all right guys."32
Another tactic is to claim that famous historical figures were homosexual. This associates homosexuals with positive images (symbols) just like advertisers use celebrity endorsements. Famous historical figures are considered especially useful to us for two reasons: first, they are invariably dead as a doornail, hence in no position to deny the truth and sue for libel. Second, and more serious, the virtues and accomplishments that make these historic gay figures admirable cannot be gain said or dismissed by the public, since high school history textbooks have already set them in incontrovertible cement.33
The negative variant is to portray all detractors as victimizers by pairing them with negative images (symbols) of "[k]lansmen demanding that gays be slaughtered[,] . . . [h]ysterical backwoods preachers[,] . . .[m]enacing punks[,] . . . [and a] tour of Nazi concentration camps where homosexuals were tortured and gassed."34 In essence, they use positive or negative icons (symbols) and not the actual words for their persuasive message.35
3. Dust Off the Unholy Alliance
Perhaps the most menacing focus of the campaign is the special treatment reserved for the religious dissenters. The strategy is to "[j]am homohatred by linking it to Nazi horror."36
Most contemporary hate groups on the Religious Right will bitterly resent the implied connection between homohatred and Nazi fascism. But since they can't defend the latter, they'll end up having to distance themselves by insisting that they would never go to such extremes. Such declarations of civility toward gays, of course, set our worst detractors on the slippery slope toward recognition of fundamental gay rights.37 . . . [Furthermore] gays can undermine the moral authority of homohating churches over less fervent adherents by portraying . . . [them] as antiquated backwaters, badly out of step . . . with the latest findings of psychology. Against the atavistic tug of Old Time Religion one must set the mightier pull of Science and Public Opinion . . . . Such an 'unholy' alliance has already worked well in America against the churches, on such topics as divorce and abortion. . . . [T]hat alliance can work for gays.38 Although some might label such virulent persuasion tactics as antisocial, the form of government that we enjoy has persuasion at its roots.
III. Persuasion, Society and Democracy
A. Rhetoric
The ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome are often considered the cradle of modern Western democracies. In Greece, a direct democracy, decisions were made through serious public discussion and open debate. Hence, the ability to personally persuade others to accept one's point of view was an essential skill. The Sophists filled the demand (marketplace) for the teaching of this public speaking skill called rhetoric.39
When Rome later arose as a representative republic,40 "[p]ower was very often exercised not through bottom line legalities but through the persuasiveness and force of argument of particular office holders or assemblies."41 The Roman marketplace now required not only teachers but also professional persuaders for hire. Sophists were reborn as lawyers and lawmakers.
Modern America is very much like the Roman Republic. Romans were primarily interested in the practical uses of the art of persuasion just as Americans are immersed in advertising and spin doctoring–"[l]ess interested in . . . absolute truth and more interested in what 'works.'"42 Therefore, those that most influence society today, from lawyers to lawmakers, lobbyists to marketers, descend from the sophists, the experts in rhetoric and the artists of persuasion.
Modern rhetorician Richard M. Weaver "was a champion of conservative . . . ideas."43 "One of the mainstays of conservative thought is a concern for values. Weaver felt that American culture was losing many values worth preserving."44 These very same concepts underlie the resistance by society at large to affirmation of the homosexual community. The homosexual movement is formed and driven in that conflict.
Weaver's book, Ideas Have Consequences, has been described as "a profound diagnosis
of the sickness of our culture."45 Certainly, this diagnosis is a common argument
in opposition to homosexuality. Weaver's defense of language as the touchstone to
enduring human values and universal truths is recurring and central to the conception
of the role of rhetoric. Weaver describes four ways to interpret a subject rhetorically:
"define its nature"; "place it in a cause-
The gay rights movement draws upon this strategy in the hope of reshaping American society and laws. Recall Kirk and Madsen's candid admission that, "[T]he separability–and manipulability–of the verbal label is the basis for all the abstract principles underlying our proposed campaign.”47
The current debate, then, is framed differently by both sides. Is homosexual behavior normal or abnormal? Are the maladies commonly associated with the homosexual condition (depression, AIDS, suicide, cancer) caused by the behavior itself or society's reaction to it? Are homosexuals just the same as heterosexuals? Should science or society determine the acceptability of "gayness"?
If history repeats itself, the point of view that holds sway in America's courts will first hold sway in the minds and hearts of individual citizens, judges, and lawmakers. And the heart and mind of society is the target market that the gay rights campaign means to capture in order to win the courts.
B. Modern Persuasion Theory: The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
1. Credibility of the ELM
"Persuasion is the essence of marketing . . ."48 and the "Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion has emerged in the last decade as a central focus of research on communication and persuasion."49 The ELM is the most comprehensive modern theory of how persuasion works. "For a given topic and setting, the ELM has the benefit of suggesting which kinds of source descriptions would or would not have effects similar to traditional message arguments."50
2. To Think or Not to Think: Elaboration
Petty and Cacioppo theorized a framework for two relatively distinct routes to persuasion (i.e. attitude change) as the central route and the peripheral route.51 These two routes are differentiated by the level of cognitive processing undertaken (i.e. amount of conscious examination or "elaboration" of the message) by a person exposed to persuasive communication. The central route is high level processing "based on a careful and thoughtful assessment . . . . [The low level peripheral route] is based on some cognitive, affective, or behavioral cue."52 As underlying motivations on how each route is used, Petty and Cacioppo list seven postulates in the ELM:
1. People are motivated to hold correct attitudes.
2. Although people want to hold correct attitudes, the amount and nature of issue-
3. Variables can affect the amount and direction of attitude change by . . . affecting the extent or direction of issue and argument elaboration [i.e. cognitive effort to evaluate].
4. Variables . . . [have an affect] by either enhancing or reducing argument scrutiny.
5. Variables affecting message processing in a relatively biased manner can produce
either a positive (favorable) or negative (unfavorable) motivational and/or ability
bias to issue-
6. As motivation and/or ability to process arguments is decreased, peripheral cues become relatively more important determinants of persuasion.
7. Attitude changes that result mostly from processing issue relevant arguments (central route) will show greater temporal persistence, greater prediction of behavior, and greater resistance to counter persuasion . . . .53
Although the ELM is often graphically illustrated as two distinct routes, the theory
actually describes a continuum bounded on one end by "a person's careful and thoughtful
consideration of the merits of the information presented" (the central route) and
on the other by no "scrutiny of the central merits of the issue-
With the "mindless acceptance"56 of cues at the end of the continuum bounded by the peripheral route, it is put forward that any attitude change achieved via this process is more transitory and subject to counter persuasion and counterargument. At the opposite end, "attitudes formed or changed via . . . central route [processes are predicted to be more] persisten[t], [more] resistan[t], and [more] predict[ive] of behavior."57 So, although Petty and Cacioppo believe central route attitude change is "quite desirable, the ELM makes it clear that this is a difficult persuasion strategy."58 And, while they argue that "enhanced thinking produces persistence," they believe that "processing may proceed in either a relatively objective or a relatively biased manner."59
Applied to this discussion of marketing the concept of gay rights, it is noteworthy that "in targeting an attitude for change, the ELM suggests that it is more important to know something about the underlying qualities of the attitude than simply knowing if a person has an attitude or not."60 In short, knowing how to influence attitude is more important than knowing what attitude, opinion, or belief is held.
3. Which Thinking Route to Take: Variables and Moderators
Fleming and Petty make it clear that "many variables are capable of moderating the route to persuasion, either central or peripheral."61 Petty explains that moderators influence the strength or direction of a relationship. The moderator variables in the ELM (e.g. issue involvement, distraction, and need for cognition) can serve as variables "that can moderate the route to persuasion."62 For different topics, situations, and audiences the same communication sources can serve as central merits, bias the interpretation, or generate additional arguments to evaluate the persuasive communication.63
Moderators can include speaker source or credibility,64 distraction,65 strength of argument,66 personal relevance,67 the recipient's mood, and the recipient's ability or motivation to process.68 However, "[O]ne cannot place [these] variables into simple lists because, depending upon the meaning of the variable in the specific context, and the overall elaboration likelihood, variables can sometimes act as cues, sometimes act as arguments, and sometimes affect the extent or direction of elaboration."69
Homosexual strategists want lasting attitude change in society toward their behavior, but know that many people see their arguments as weak, such that a successful appeal to the central route (high processing) is unlikely. Since ELM predicts that attitude changes via the peripheral route (using cues) are less durable, gay rights activists have a different answer as to how longer lasting attitude change can still be achieved–cognitive dissonance.
4. Control Behavior, Change Attitudes: Cognitive Dissonance
Another psychosocial concept is helpful in discussing the actual maketing of homoxuality Leon Festinger, "one of social psychology's most important theorists,"70 theorized that people hold a multitude of cognitions: beliefs, pieces of knowledge held as appropriate or true, values, memories or emotions.71 Most cognitions are irrelevant to others, such as liking the color blue but not liking hot dogs. Some are consonant, like believing in God and believing in honesty. However, an uncomfortable psychological state called cognitive dissonance sets in when people hold inconsistent (dissonant) ideas, beliefs, or opinions.72
Dissonance is a conflict of inconsistent or "nonfitting" relations among cognitions. Consonance is consistency or balance between cognitions. The magnitude of pressure to change is relational to the importance of the dissonance.73 Because there is a tendency among people to seek consistency between attitude and behavior, something must change in the case of a discrepancy to resolve the conflict and to eliminate the dissonance. There are three ways people resolve dissonance: (1) reduce the importance of the dissonant beliefs, (2) add more consonant beliefs to outweigh the dissonant beliefs, or (3) change the dissonant beliefs so they are no longer incoconsistent with one another.74
When it comes to mass persuasion in the name of gay rights, two particularly important
concepts from Festinger's work are applicable. The first is threshold reward/punishment.
The second concept is forced compliance. Maximum dissonance, the maximum psychological
need to rationalize inconsistent beliefs or replace them with new beliefs, sets in
if only just enough reward/punishment is used to gain public compliance.75 Then,
forced compliance occurs when, due to their environment, a person must exhibit overt
behavior or the verbal expression of opinions that conflicts with privately held
original beliefs.76 Perhaps counterintuitively, attitude change often follows behavioral
change and not vice-
Thus, to psychologically propel societal attitude change regarding homosexuality,
America is deluged with pro-
IV. Marketing 101
A. Defining Marketing
1. Propaganda, Persuasion, Education and the 4 P's
It is not common practice to think of social movements in terms of marketing. Perhaps this is because using terms like "selling" or "marketing" seems to denigrate noble activities that usually portray themselves in terms of grass roots and the will of the people.79 However, the American Marketing Association defines marketing as "the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals."80
There are many variations of the definitions related to the theory of marketing but
generically they all fall into one of four categories–the easy-
The concept of product is formally defined in marketing to include all "functional, social, and psychological utilities and benefits."82 Ideas (as products) are defined as concepts, philosophies, images, or issues.83
Pricing of a product has several functions. Price is a pre-
A new pricing concept called exaction pricing is introduced in this article. Rather than the mutually satisfying exchange relationships proposed in marketing theory, exaction pricing is defined as the economic or emotional price that is exacted from targeted groups for not buying the gay rights idea.
Promotion includes the different methods for getting the persuasive message to the target audience: advertising (paid persuasive messages), personal selling (which would include lobbying), publicity (working the media for positive coverage), and direct inducements. Place is shorthand for the distribution channel (place) where consumers can buy the product.84
"Marketing communicators–as well as all persuaders (politicians, theologians, parents, teachers)–attempt to guide people toward the acceptance of some belief, attitude, or behavior by using reasoning or emotional appeals."85 And, if education is learning new ideas and information, then "every time we turn on the radio or television, every time we open a book magazine or newspaper, someone is trying to educate us."86 Therefore, marketing is rhetoric on steroids–the commercialized, technologized, and systematized application of persuasion, propaganda, or education (depending on who is doing the naming).
2. The Marketing Environment
There are five broad forces that often are considered uncontrollable: social, economic, technological, regulatory and competitive.87 However, the gay rights movement seeks to change the social and regulatory, exploit the economic and technological, and silence or convert the competition. Therein lies the brilliance and power of their marketing campaign.
In this postmodern society "[t]ruth is not the issue. The issue is power. The new [social] model[ ] 'empower[s]' groups formerly excluded,"88 and “the power to control discourse is thus the master power.”89 By 1990, half of all marriages from twenty years had ended in divorce, and the traditional family, and its values, did not look so traditional anymore.90
The explosion of communications technology, including the advent of Internet, allowed the homosexual movement to exploit society's changing values. It enabled a disparate homosexual community representing "less than 3% (and perhaps less than 2%) of the population"91 to act as a cohesive group to project persuasive power into society.
B. Conceptualizing the Product
1. Repackaging the Product: A New Identity for Homosexuality
In 1989 two strategies on how to totally repackage homosexual behavior as a rights issue were unveiled to the gay rights community. [F]irst, you get your foot in the door, by being as similar as possible; then, and only then–when your one little difference [orientation] is finally accepted–can you start dragging in your other peculiarities, one by one. You hammer in the wedge narrow end first. As the saying goes, [a]llow the camel's nose beneath your tent, and his whole body will soon follow.92
Pederasts, gender-
Rather, only strongly favorable images of homosexuals should be displayed, even "paint[ing] gay men and lesbians as superior–veritable pillars of society. . . . Famous historical figures are especially useful . . . for two reasons: first, they are invariably dead . . . hence in no position to deny the truth . . . [and] high school history textbooks have already set them in incontrovertible cement."93
In other words, change the basic offer and do a marketing practitioner's job; only "provide positively valued information . . . that will increase the odds of [the consumer] ultimately choosing the marketer's offering over competitive options."94 Both ELM and Weaver would refer to this as associating the right symbols with your communication.
The second strategy was even more powerful. [T]he public should be persuaded that gays are victims of circumstance, that they no more chose their sexual orientation than . . . their height . . . . ([F]or all practical purposes, gays should be considered to have been born gay–even though sexual orientation, for most humans, seems to be the product of a complex interaction between innate predispositions and environmental factors during childhood and early adolescence.) To suggest in public that homosexuality might be chosen is to open the can of worms labeled 'moral choice and sin' and give the religious right Intransigents a stick to beat us with.95
America takes pride in being a country where tolerance for others and individual freedom is held in high regard. It is both part of our laws and our culture. Today's homosexual marketer has properly recognized this environment and has aggressively followed these strategies in promoting the idea of "homosexuality" by directing the consumer away from the specifics of (especially male) homosexual behavior while also advertising that the choice to pursue such behavior is normal, innate, unchangeable, and prevalent. It is even healthy and desirable so it deserves protection as a right. What made such a campaign even thinkable was presaged more than fifteen years earlier.
2. Redefine Abnormal as Normal
In the early 1970s, homosexual activists unleashed a "violent and extortionary political campaign."96 Homosexual activists reasoned that if the influential American Psychiatric Association (APA) were to redefine homosexuality, other professional guilds (like the several times larger American Psychological Association) and then the rest would follow.97
When the APA leadership finally capitulated and agreed to allow the membership to
consider the removal of homosexuality as a disorder, a mass mailing to 30,000 members
by the pro-
"The acceptance of homosexuality by the American Psychological Association in 1973 was preceded by an unquestioning acceptance of [Dr. Alfred] Kinsey's work and under heavy political pressure by the nascent gay lobby, which recognized that to normalize homosexuality, they had to get it taken off the list of psychological disorders."99 Charles Socarides, a psychiatrist and reparative therapist who is an anathema to homosexual activists, recounted his perspective in The Journal of Human Sexuality on how the classification of homosexuality was changed in the early seventies:100
[Homosexual activists] targeted members of the worldly priesthood,101 the psychiatric
community, and neutralized them with a radical redefinition of homosexuality itself.
. . . [T]hey co-
The much larger American Psychological Association followed suit two years later.
As homosexuals predicted, over time other professional guilds from counseling to
education to pediatrics accepted the lead of both APAs and de-
Later it was also found that the Council on Research and Development of the APA did
not actually investigate the issue thoroughly before it gave formal approval for
deletion of homosexuality from the DSM and the Committee on Nomenclature had never
formally approved the change.106 The de-
3. Polish the Idea
The sanitizing and repositioning of the product was not over. Few today remember
that AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) was still known in the medical community
as late as 1981 as GRID (Gay-
4. Reposition the Product
The remake goes on. A recent term introduced into the message mix is "sexual minority."109
Homosexual activists now routinely name themselves as often and as publicly as possible
as they wish to be defined. They strive to make the language used to describe them
indicate that same-
C. Setting the Price
1. Two-
As with much of the national persuasion campaign, very original applications of psychology and marketing theory have been used by homosexual activists. An extremely effective tool has been what is defined here as "exaction pricing."
When a marketer speaks of pricing, it is understood that he is referring to the price that is set for the product and therefore being asked of the consumer. One role price has in consumer decision making is in the positioning of the product against competitors (other ideas). So, from a marketing perspective, how does one set a price in the marketplace or, in this case, in the minds of an entire populace, that will encourage people to buy an idea rather than reject it?
People make buying decisions to satisfy both psychological and physical or utilitarian needs. First, it is useful to consider Pride and Ferrell's term "psychological pricing"112 which encourages "emotional rather than rational responses."113
Buying the homosexual idea, in place of one's own beliefs, family teachings, or those taught by Christianity and other faiths is a high price indeed, but gay rights marketers have found a way to exact that high minorities: necrophilia, pedophilia, fetishism, as well as practitioners of incest, bestiality, etc. price by their own version of emotional pricing. Exaction pricing is unsupported by facts, logic or proof. With the help of the media, they portray those who refuse to buy, and especially any who dare to publicly oppose (competitively react to), the gay rights idea as bigots, homophobes, heterosexists, ignorant, hateful, intolerant and so on. They position the accused in the same category as racists, sexists, elitists and other pejorative classes.
Accusations of "…ist" are used by militant gay rights advocates in this powerful pricing technique to exact an emotional price for refusing to accept the gay rights proposition. Wood and Pearce explain that a distinct characteristic of the "…ist" accusation is that it is almost impossible to refute.114 While it seems simple enough to be accused in this way, this type of label "in actuality, is an intricate form of argument" which, to defend against, requires a particularly sophisticated and, hence, both rare and precarious form of argument.115 Ergo, all those gay rights opponents who do not have the capacity to counter the accusation, even if they feel it is untrue, pay the emotional price both internally and externally of being branded an "…ist." To regain the prestige of not being an "…ist" (and ultimately Festinger suggests an individual will) the even higher price of moderating one's personal beliefs is exacted.
Remember that people want to hold right opinions, beliefs, and attitudes. A conflict
arises between their own beliefs and a continuous flood, a shower, of homosexual-
The favorite exaction-
2. Two-
The economic pricing of the homosexual idea takes the carrot and stick approach.117 Since homosexuals are "twice as likely as the general population to have a household income between $60,000 and $250,000," one of the obviously powerful tools the homosexual community has is the economic empowerment of where to spend money.118
Pertman reports that the recognition of this market is obvious. From 1997 to 1999,
advertising in homosexual publications soared 20.2% to $120.4 million.119 Now such
corporate mainstays as John Hancock Financial Services, Fleet, American Express,
Levi-
Of course, as homosexuals have dollar-
One dramatic example of the use of the stick is an incident involving Coors. "Still
suffering from a boycott that began in 1977 over alleged mistreatment of employees,
Coors managers are visiting bars to get the word out that Coors wants their business
and is the only major brewer offering domestic-
An even more dramatic situation involved United Airlines. The homosexual-
When United balked, a nationwide boycott including advertising campaigns was instigated
by supporters of the bill. The boycott targeted first the Los Angeles and San Francisco
markets. The advertisements were a left-
D. Place: Distributing the Idea
How could a movement ever penetrate a market that consists of the hearts and heads of an entire society? The key was to consider first and foremost the media in everything the homosexual movement did–to control information and images. Only by controlling information could they saturate important centers of influence and thus avoid or beat other ideas in the market.
As Jowett and O'Donnell explain, control of information is essential.127 Control ruses take the form of "withholding information, releasing information at predetermined times, [or] in juxtaposition with other information that may influence public perception, manufacturing information, . . . distorting information," and communicating key information to or through selective audiences.128 The objective is "(a) control[ ] the media as a source of information . . . and (b) present[ ] distorted information from what appears to be a credible source" and (c) conceal the true purpose.129
Altheide and Johnson are cited for a critical control concept they label as "bureaucratic
propaganda."130 In this form of persuasive communication, information that appears
to be scientifically gathered and objective is disseminated to influential groups
with the purpose of maintaining the legitimacy of the propagandizing organization.
Although the information is often contrived, distorted, or falsely interpreted, the
information may never be seen by the public. Rather, some congressional committees
or citizen's groups use it for actions or programs.131 The groups used by homosexual
activists to distribute the homosexual idea and gay rights issues were those that
touched the most Americans and had the highest source credibility. Just like the
tremendous leverage they achieved by co-
Just as importantly, it is hard to imagine that anyone can escape the influence of more than one or two of these institutions. The homosexual idea would be available for purchase to everyone through their local distributor.
E. Promotion: Win at All Costs
1. Setting the Theme: Major Gay Rights Players
Jay Conrad Levinson, a former vice-
This potent weapon was recognized in the formulation of the gay rights campaign when
it was strategized that the gay "campaign should not demand explicit support for
homosexual practices, but should instead take antidiscrimination as its theme."133
That would "[g]ive potential protectors a just cause. . . . Make gays look good.
. . . Make victimizers look bad."134 In fact, that would make the very expression
of anti-
If one just reviews some of the prominent national voices in the movement, it is not difficult to ascertain this recurring gay rights theme. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC), based in Washington, D.C., is the largest national homosexual lobby in the nation. Claiming 400,000 members, HRC and the Human Rights Campaign Foundation report income136 over $16 million. Their activity descriptions are P340 and D050, to propose, support or oppose legislation and the defense of human or civil rights, respectively.137 Their web site explains that HRC is a vigilant bipartisan "watch dog" dedicated to educate Congress.138 Some issues that they take on include: advocating for hate crime legislation, fighting HIV/AIDS, protecting our [homosexual] families, and working for better lesbian health.139 Along with lobbying, intense training of future GLBT political activists is part of the mission.140 The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) is the dominant media relations and watchdog lobby of the homosexual movement with income of $4,199,134.141 The GLAAD website proudly recounts that "[i]n 1992, Entertainment Weekly named GLAAD as one of Hollywood's most powerful entities and the Los Angeles Times described the group as possibly the most successful organizations lobbying the media."142 One illustration is that GLAAD takes credit for getting the New York Times to change their editorial policy in 1987 to use the word gay.143
GLAAD claims that it has not only reached industry insiders, but has also influenced millions through newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, television and visibility campaigns.144 Training homosexual organizations how to deal with the media is GLAAD's mission.145 It supports positive portrayals of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender146 (GLBT) issues or images in a the media but attacks any negative press. They are particularly proud of their campaign to derail Dr. Laura Schlessinger's move to television.147
The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF, previously the same NGTF involved
in the APA effort) reports income in excess of $3.5 million.148 Whereas HRC has an
emphasis in national government and GLAAD in media, NGTLF's additional focus is also
at the community level. The organization's website describes the organization's work
this way: "We're proud of our commitment to the linkages between oppressions based
on race, class, gender, and sexual orientation. . . . NGLTF is waging a campaign
against anti-
Key strategies include public education, grass roots training for activist skills, monitoring and reporting on legislation and building coalitions for advocacy.150
"To discover what a thing is 'called' according to some system is the essential step in knowing, and to say that all education is learning to name rightly . . . would assert an underlying truth."151 Lesbian author Patricia Nell Warren put it much more succinctly: "Whoever captures the kids owns the future."152
Two highly effective organizations who specialize in the K-
PFLAG, with income of just under $1.5 million,153 claims membership of over 76,000
with 425 local groups. PFLAG promotes the idea that ignorance of homosexuality has
bred a climate of torment, fear and hatred in our schools. They allege that the average
high school student hears twenty-
The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund reports income over $10,000,000163 and
is the homosexual-
2. Summary of a Common Theme
Hate speech and hate crime, homophobia and heterosexism, oppression versus tolerance, diversity versus discrimination, ignorance versus education, fear versus safety–all of the old and new "…ists" and "…isms"–are the thematic vernacular found in all homosexual persuasive communication. Homosexuals are innocent victims. Dissent, even by homosexuals, is always due to ignorance, bigotry, or some variant of homophobia.
If NGLTF is taking credit for linkages of sexual orientation to accepted discrimination categories, then it follows that NGLTF created linkages where none previously existed. GLAAD is proud of its public ranking as being the most powerful (a la Foucault "controlling discourses") in influencing media.165 HRC works to insure safety, openness, and equality. By inference, the opposite must exist and need fixing.166
Just as the sales professional is only there to help, HRC, GLAAD, NGLFT, PFLAG, and GLSEN are there to help educate everyone else, thereby helping to protect homosexuals from all the ignorant "…ists" who are intolerant and victimizers.167 It is never called advertising, lobbying, public relations, or–heaven forbid–spin. It is always about a need for more education.
V. Gay Rights Marketing: The Agenda at Work
A. Stop Dr. Laura
1. The Direct Marketing Approach
"[T]he left-
Upon converting to Judaism later in life, the Jewish counselor changed her stance
from pro-
GLAAD's site launched a "Dr. Laura Watch" (along with other homosexual advocacy sites)
which monitored every word of the conservative talk show host and then posted every
statement she made judged to be "anti-
Actions taken against advertisers included phoning every advertiser to make sure
the advertiser knew their ads were running (since many are placed via ad agencies),
sending anti-
Nine GLAAD updates during November and December of 2000 heralded Dr. Laura's deteriorating
ratings, downgrading of time slots and nose-
On March 30, 2001, GLAAD hailed the demise of the Dr. Laura show as a culmination
of GLAAD's "three-
2. Stop Dr. Laura: Indirect Marketing
A powerful and well-
Sheen's character, President of the United States Jed Bartlet, says that her talk show audience is probably confused, inferring they must have no idea that she is not qualified to give advice or, specifically, to say that homosexuality is an abomination. Dr. Jenna replies, "It's not me . . . but the Bible."
The President, scripted as well versed in scripture, then severely dresses down Dr. Jenna's character. Sarcastically ridiculing her reference to the proscription of homosexuality in Leviticus, he snaps off several other verses of Old Testament scripture obviously not enforced today, for comparison.184
He asks what would be a good price for selling his daughter into slavery as Exodus
21:7 allows. Further, must he kill his colleague who works on the Sabbath, as required
by Exodus 35:20? Can the Washington Redskins continue to play football if they wear
gloves so they do not touch the skin of a pig, as required by Deuteronomy 14:8? Dr.
Jenna, now exposed for what she really is has no defense. Sheepishly she casts her
eyes to the floor. The President's tirade ends with a mocking statement that perhaps
Dr. Jenna has confused this interview with the President of the United States with
her monthly meeting of the "ignorant tight-
Because of all the obvious peripheral cues planted in the script, viewers who had heard of Dr. Laura likely would associate her as being represented by the Dr. Jenna character. Without even thinking, it is likely that many who did not know better would now "know" that Dr. Laura's Ph.D. was in literature. And therefore, Dr. Laura must be similarly and equally unqualified to comment on the biology of homosexuality or to offer moral advice as Dr. Jenna.
The not too subtle persuasive message is that Dr. Jenna/Laura is the bad brand of
citizen: a deceptive, ignorant, tight-
The problem is that the real Laura Schlessinger actually has exceptional credentials
to do what she does. Her education includes a B.S. in Biology Sciences from the State
University of New York, an M.S. and Ph.D. in physiology, and an M. Phil. from Columbia.185
She has a post-
Focusing on (and distracted by) the obvious pro-
B. He Who Controls History…
Because influencing, even controlling the media, is so central to the marketing of
the homosexual idea, it is worthwhile to cite one more example of purposeful yet
disguised exploitation of the media. In the Home Box Office [HBO] "documentary" The
Celluloid Closet, the producers purport to document that, even in early ultra-
The homosexual product is promoted as good for business, education, and entertainment via the use of free celebrity endorsements– all with greater effect than any advertising money could buy.
C. Two Birds with One Stone
1. Using the Government to Influence Business Businesses (the workplace), the advertising
by businesses, and the credibility of major organizations are all exploited by the
homosexual persuasion campaign. Homosexuals have made great strides, especially at
the national level, in private business. Hundreds of companies, including many of
the Fortune 500, now have policies specifically banning sexual orientation discrimination.192
In addition to the usual activism one might associate with such equity goals, a rather
unique and successful marketing tactic has been developed that combines media influence
and a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation. Resolutions are simple.
Generally, any shareholder of title owning approximately $2,000 worth of stock one
year before a resolution-
This tactic is another example of exaction pricing. While the stated goal is substantive discussion that will lead to change in corporate policies and behaviors,196 "even if [the resolutions] are ultimately withdrawn by their [homosexual activist] proponents, proposals are often covered by the press."197 A price is exacted–either change or bad press.
2. Using Business to Influence Government
Why are homosexuals so concerned about big business? It cannot really be about employment
discrimination since their higher income level as a group would indicate access to
capital, wealth, and power. First, "Corporate actions often serve as models for government
and for the popular culture."198 Second, "Social prejudice is eroded by mainstream
advertising to homosexuals . . . [with] more big-
The real goal is to use the workplace and big business to promote and distribute the homosexual agenda.
D. The Education Channel
Public schools, especially elementary schools, are at the forefront of the battle
of homosexual tolerance programs. "Recent months and years have witnessed the beginnings
of an unprecedented campaign . . . to affirm homosexuality and so-
PFLAG's Read this Before Coming Out to your Parents is described as its "most famous brochure."201 The stated purpose of the brochure is "to inform gay and lesbian young adults about the process most parents go through when their child's homosexual orientation is disclosed."202 Note how the persuasive message is framed as education to help your parents accept your coming out:
Don't raise the issue unless you're able to respond with confidence [that you are sure you are homosexual]. . . . If you're wrestling with guilt and periods of depression, you'll be better off waiting to tell your parents. . . . Your parents will probably respond based on a lifetime of information from a homophobic society.. . . If you suspect they are capable of withdrawing college finances or forcing you out of the house, you may choose to wait until they do not have this weapon to hold over you. . . . If they tend to see social issues in clear terms of good/bad or holy/sinful, you may anticipate that they will have serious problems dealing with your sexuality. If, however, they've evidenced a degree of flexibility when dealing with other changing societal matters, you may be able to anticipate a willingness to work this through with you.203 To what does this message appeal?
PFLAG's (1995) promotional message maintains the theme that any parents who might reject homosexuality as normal are sick. Parents are characterized as possibly homophobic, potential victimizers who may use college finances to oppress the homosexual, or ignorant (needing education) because they only see things "in clear terms of good/bad or holy sinful" and find their own child unlovable.204 The parents' competing idea of normality is not to be trusted. PFLAG has told the prospective customer to "buy" (make the decision you are homosexual) before discussing it with parents.
There are other forms of promotion that education takes. A health educator at a Massachusetts high school included these loaded questions in a sex quiz: "Are you heterosexual because you fear the same sex? How do you know you wouldn't prefer sleeping with someone of the same sex? Do you merely need a good gay experience?"205
The promotion can also take the form of self-
One resource is a teacher self-
Another promotion strategy is to "help" schools. After monitoring a conference on Reparative Therapy in 1998 (psychotherapy designed to help homosexuals seeking change to achieve that goal), the Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network [GLSEN] distributed almost 15,000 copies of Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation and Youth to school superintendents around the country as a "primer."213
Once again, the APA declassification in 1973 of homosexuality came into play. With an impressive list of supporting organizations including the National Education Association (NEA) and American Federation of Teachers (AFT), Just the Facts devoted an entire section discouraging any reparative therapy type materials (the competing idea) being made available in schools because national associations of "more than 477,000 health and mental health professionals, have all taken the position that homosexuality is not a mental disorder and thus there is no need for a 'cure.'"214 The wishes of a child seeking possible change is irrelevant and documented success of many approaches over the years–including reparative therapy–is not to be considered.215
Just the Facts flatly states that the "most important fact [to recognize] about 'transformational ministry' is that its view of homosexuality is not representative of the views of all people of faith. Many deeply religious people . . . are supportive and accepting [of gays rights needing] to be protected from the discriminatory acts of others."216
Any discussion of the success of this approach is avoided by the introduction of a specious argument.
Promotion through education packaged as "tolerance" at St. Cloud State University in St. Cloud Minnesota went so far that a policy statement was issued that declared, "It is simply not acceptable for social workers to view homosexual people . . . as sinners . . . . The only legitimate position . . . is to abhor the oppression . . . and to act personally and professionally to end the degradation [of homosexuals]."217 It suggested that a Catholic student or any students who could not agree should leave the degree program.218
It is important to take particular note that the statement, made in direct violation
of the students' religious freedom, concerned a social work degree program.219 Furthermore,
the American Psychological Association accredits schools offering graduate degrees
in clinical psychology. Accreditation can be a critical factor for the long-
E. The Military Campaign
The issue of gays in the military is an excellent example of the multifaceted theme continuing to work. In a report on the entire issue of gays in the military, Waldman, Glick, Miller, and Clift, present this picture:
The key, strategists concluded, was to focus on the issue of discrimination [and avoid the actual activity. Do] not attempt to justify the "lifestyle" [and continue to trumpet a biological connection because] [s]everal focus group participants . . . became more tolerant about gays in the military after hearing [those types of] news reports.220
It is for this reason that a constant stream of studies purporting to suggest some sort of biological cause (not necessarily supporting, let alone proving, a causal relationship) are dutifully reported in a cultivated media.
VI. Conclusion
The economics and education of homosexuals makes them prime players in a capitalistic society. Money means power, and education means the knowledge to use that power to gain more. Homosexuals have demonstrated they have access to the leadership in media, government, education, business and other centers of influence as well as access to capital. These are hardly traits of an oppressed minority.
More than twenty-
While the marketing campaign continues the drumbeat of normalcy and the valuing of
gayness, several recent population-
Higher rates of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder and substance use in homosexual youth.
Higher rates of recurrent major depression among homosexual men.
Higher rates of anxiety, mood and substance [ab]use . . . among people ages 15 to
54 with same-
Higher use of mental health services in men in women reporting same-
In addition, even with massive education efforts about the devastating effects and
prevention of AIDS, "[s]ince protease inhibitors were introduced in the mid-
How successful is the valuing diversity and AIDS education effort in schools? Some
mental health professionals are beginning to report that more kids are doing worse
things at younger ages than they have ever seen. Twelve and thirteen-
The message continues that AIDS today is everyone's disease. It has spread to the
heterosexual population. Some probable causes are likely shared needles in drug use
and denial of homosexual sex by HIV-
On the issue of families, contrary to the campaign message, domestic violence in homosexual "domestic partnerships" as a group is several times higher than for heterosexual married couples.230 Yet the homosexual campaign is winning in the marketplace. "A little more than a majority [of Americans] now say that homosexual relations should be legal, and [the lifestyle] is acceptable."231 Half of those polled also now believe that there is a biological link or genetic trait.232
Gay journalism largely has been taken over by slick publications that are influenced more by the marketing mentality than by social inquiry.233 Gay media is flourishing with more main stream advertisers chasing what is perceived as a lucrative market and films about the homosexual struggle such as Philadelphia win Oscars. The gay idea has been successfully transformed, elevated to gay heroics, focused on rights rather than what is right, reframed as an issue of discrimination and education, and focus on valuing rather than values.
Concepts introduced through the media, education, government, and courts by the homosexual movement theme have shaped our discourse; homophobia, heterosexism, tolerance and hate speech are now mainstream vernacular." A "gay culture" has been successfully fabricated "through nothing more than naming and renaming, forming and reforming . . . until memory has no possibility of meaning."234
Society is bombarded by the A-
"[E]very age and society has dominant media that shape the way the culture thinks."236 "The content of the mass media sets the public's political and social agenda."237 But, it would appear that our mass communications are mainly providing us the illusion of being informed.
Rather, it is actually providing "misleading information–misplaced, irrelevant, fragmented or superficial information–information that creates the illusion of knowing something but which in fact leads one away from knowing."238
The way controversial ideas are disseminated makes a big difference in what we think of someone or something and whether we even feel comfortable thinking freely about an issue."239 Even freedom of thought is being threatened by demands for more hate crimes legislation, which has little do with defining new crimes or even stopping crime but everything to do with what one is thinking when the crime is committed. Public discourse has been influenced to the extent that even expressions of dissent based on the freedom of religion, a constitutional right, are now labeled hateful, a tiny step away from being labeled hate speech.
Adolf Hitler understood the cleansing power that comes with the ability to place all of one's ills on a scapegoat. It is especially medicinal to move infirmities outside the self because then "one can battle an external enemy [rather than the] enemy within."240 In Hitler's Germany, by the use of public discourse, people were convinced to take horrible action to solve a Jewish problem where none existed. Today, homophobes and heterosexists are proclaimed to be the problem. Hate crimes and gay rights legislation are proposed as the solution.
Yet, the purpose of law is to discriminate against certain behaviors. It even discriminates against those with real pathological behaviors, i.e., alcoholics who drive drunk. Laws discriminate against parents who believe it is normal to exploit their children, companies who justify making false promises or dangerous products, citizens who believe that they should not have to pay higher taxes, incompetent doctors, drug dealers, and ticket scalpers.
The debate is not about the persecution of a political minority but is about the state's right and its duty to regulate against behaviors that are unhealthy and destructive to society at large. "If at the level of civil politics there are homosexual people who do not want to be known solely through what sex they have or where and with how many they have it, it is nonetheless absurd to claim that sex is merely ancillary to the gay . . . agenda."241
Gay rights are not about the attainment of truth or social justice but the achievement of power. The battle centers on the control of public discourse through marketing and persuasion, to shape what society thinks about and how they think about it. Homosexual activists envision that a decision is ultimately made without society ever realizing that it has been purposely conditioned to arrive at a conclusion that it thinks is its own.
Perhaps with the application of common sense, the balance can be regained between right and rights and thereby not only will the few be protected from the whims of the masses but the masses can be saved from the excesses of the few.
Mr. Rondeau has been a senior sales and marketing management professional with industry leaders for over 25 years; MA Management with a specialty in persuasive communication, Regent University; BA Marketing Management, Concordia University. Currently, he is a doctoral student in communications studies with a focus in rhetoric and persuasion and works as Director of Development for Regent University.
References:
1 BARRY BRUMMETT, READING RHETORICAL THEORY 817 (2000) (describing Michel Foucault's theories on power and sexuality). Foucault was a noted French scholar who died of complications from AIDS in 1984. Id. "Foucault's own homosexuality and his discovery that sexuality has been an issue of power throughout much of history led him to write a series of works on the history of sexuality." SONJA K. FOSS ET AL., CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC 214 (2d ed. 1991).
2 GENE EDWARD VEITH, JR., POSTMODERN TIMES: A CHRISTIAN GUIDE TO CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT AND CULTURE 57 (1994).
3 The very use of the phrase "gay rights" illustrates both the rhetorical success
of pro-
4 ANTHONY R. PRATKANIS & ELLIOT ARONSON, AGE OF PROPAGANDA: THE EVERYDAY USE AND ABUSE OF PERSUASION 51 (rev. ed. 2001).
5 Id.
6 The relationship between education and marketing can not be overemphasized. That the institution of education is a prime marketing communications channel is demonstrated by companies like Apple Computer which hopes to create lifelong consumers by making Apple products the first computers children use. Channel One Communications gave schools a satellite dish, a cable hookup, a television monitor for each classroom, and an agreement to service the equipment for three years in exchange for just two minutes of age appropriate ads delivered into the classroom. While some state school systems originally said no to Channel One, the Consumers Union Education Services (CUES) notes that Channel One Communications reports that its program is viewed in 350,000 classrooms." AMY ADIMAN, ADVERTISING IN THE SCHOOLS (1995), ERIC Digest 389473, available at http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed389473.html (last visited Apr. 10, 2002). 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 445
7 TAMMY BRUCE, THE NEW THOUGHT POLICE 196 (2001). Ms. Bruce is an example of a credible voice within the gay rights ranks who believes the far left has taken war for gay rights over the line into a war against free speech. Why–"not letting the public know how it is done"–is important is discussed later in this article.
8 Id. at xi.
9 David Hawkins, Psychotherapy for Gay and Lesbian Clients, PSYCHIATRIC TIMES, Jan. 1998, available at http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p980142.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2002).
10 Kinsey actually claimed that sexuality was a continuum from strictly heterosexual
to strictly homosexual. Neither category made up the majority. See JUDITH A. REISMAN,
KINSEY: CRIMES AND CONSEQUENCES 31 (1998). There is significant evidence that these
publications were marketing masterpieces of seriously flawed, possibly even fraudulent,
research that had a predetermined goal of engineering a social-
prevalence of homosexuality. See, e.g., STANTON L. JONES & MARK A. YARHOUSE, HOMOSEXUALITY
: THE USE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN TODAY'S MORAL DEBATE § 2 (2000). In fact, Kirk
and Madsen themselves as much as admitted in their 1989 work that the "10% of the
population is gay" fact is actually propaganda. MARSHALL KIRK & HUNTER MADSEN, AFTER
THE BALL: HOW AMERICA WILL CONQUER ITS FEAR AND HATRED OF GAYS IN THE 90S 15 (1989).
Researchers who are critical of the validity of the studies suggest that 446 REGENT
UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443 Kinsey may have had a personal stake in what his
"research" revealed since it appears that he was an omnisexual, i.e. a bisexual and
pederast (homosexual pedophile) who engaged in group sexual orgies with the other
researchers as part of the "research." See generally, JUDITH A. REISMAN, KINSEY:
CRIMES AND CONSEQUENCES (1998). See id. at 33-
11 See Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Homosexuality and the Mental Health
Profession: The Impact of Bias (2000), available at http://www.groupadpsych.org/publications.html
(last visited Apr. 10, 2002) These descriptions are included in this current Group
for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) monograph. The tone of the authors seems
to be a group mea culpa for their previous findings regarding homosexuality. GAP
notes that in the middle of the century, "scientists, scholars, and researchers .
. . began the process of advancing new models of homosexuality, opened up new knowledge
and raised new questions that were not considered by psychiatrists in 1955." Id.
The verbiage suggests a movement in attitudinal and bias shift in interpretation
rather than scientific discovery occurring. Meanwhile, although both of Kinsey's
so-
12 JEFFREY SATINOVER, HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE POLITICS OF TRUTH 32 (1998).
13 Tony Marco, What does the Bible REALLY say about Homosexual issues? (1995),
Leadership University, available at http://www.stonewallrevisited.com/issues/marco2.html (last visited Apr. 10, 2002).
14 SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 35. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 447
15 Charles W. Socarides, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Homosexual Advocacy, NARTH 1995 COLLECTED PAPERS (NARTH, Encino, Cal.), Saturday, 29 July 1995, available at http://www.narth.com/docs/1995papers/socarides.html.
16 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 163.
17 Id. at cover.
18 Id. at xvii.
19 Id. at cover.
20 It is important to remember that the national leaders and organizations of the "gay rights" movement do not necessarily speak for all or even necessarily the majority of homosexuals, just as the National Organization of Women does not speak for all feminists 448 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443 or all women. The "Gay rights movement" in the context of this article refers to the loudest and most public voices that propel the national debate.
21 Note the powerful complexity of this assertion: if one is against homosexual behavior,
it is because that person is in fact homosexual and homophobic simultaneously. That
is, such a person has internalized their own homophobia to hide their own homosexuality
from themselves. Although perhaps with merit in some cases, it certainly is a difficult
accusation for anyone to counter. Protestations of heterosexual behavior by the accused
simply validate the accusation of self-
22 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 127.
23 GEORGE ORWELL, 1984: A NOVEL (1949).
24 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 129.
25 Id. at 149.
26 Id. at 178.
27 Id. at 177.
2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 449 Jamming makes use of the rules of Associative Conditioning . . . and Direct Emotional Modeling. . . . . . . . [T]he bigot need not actually be made to believe . . . that others will now despise him . . . [r]ather, our effect is achieved without reference to facts, logic, or proof. . . . [W]hether he is conscious of the attack or not. Indeed, the more he [the bigot] is distracted by any incidental, even specious, surface arguments, the less conscious he'll be of the true nature of the process–which is all to the good.29
28 MICHAEL WARREN, SEEING THROUGH THE MEDIA: A RELIGIOUS VIEW OF COMMUNICATION AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS 182 (1997).
29 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 152-
30 BRUCE, supra note 7, at 2 (2001) (discussing the campaign by homosexual
advocates to harass Dr. Laura Schlessinger and to keep her new television show from airing). See also discussion infra Part V.A.
31 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 155.
32 Id. at 154.
33 Id. at 188. 450 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
34 Id. at 189.
35 See EM GRIFFEN, A FIRST LOOK AT COMMUNICATION THEORY 53-
36 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 221.
37 Id. (emphasis added).
38 Id. at 179.
39 BRUMMET, supra note 1, at 22-
40 The republic represented the powerful families and businesses, not the average person.
41 BRUMMET, supra note 1, at 193.
42 Id. at 196.
43 Id. at 772.
44 Id.
45 Ralph T. Eubanks, Richard M. Weaver, Friend of Traditional Rhetoric: An Appreciation, in LANGUAGE IS SERMONIC: RICHARD M. WEAVER ON THE NATURE OF RHETORIC 3 (Richard L. Johannesen et al. eds., 1970) (quoting Reinhold Niebuhr).
46 Richard M. Weaver, Language is Sermonic, in LANGUAGE IS SERMONIC, supra note 45, at 209 (1970). 452 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
47 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 129; see infra text accompanying note 24.
48 TERENCE A. SHIMP, PROMOTION MGMT & MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS 96 (3d ed. 1993).
49 Editor's Note, Specifying the ELM, 3 COMM. THEORY 50 (1993).
50 Duane T. Wegener & Heather M. Claypool, The Elaboration Continuum by Any Other Name Does Not Smell as Sweet, 10 PSYCHOL. INQUIRY 178 (1999).
51 RICHARD E. PETTY & JOHN T. CACIOPPO, COMMUNICATION AND PERSUASION: CENTRAL AND
PERIPHERAL ROUTES TO ATTITUDE CHANGE, at vii-
52 Id. at vii-
53 Id. at 5.
54 Id. at 3.
55 Id. at viii. 56 GRIFFEN, supra note 35, at 198.
57 PETTY & CACIOPPO, supra note 51, at 173.
58 Id. at 22. 454 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
59 Id. at 173.
60 Richard E. Petty et al., Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: A Reply to the Michigan State Critics, 3 COMM. THEORY 336, 337 (1993).
61 Monique A. Fleming & Richard E. Petty, Identity and Persuasion: An Elaboration Likelihood Approach, in ATTITUDES, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL CONTEXT: THE ROLE OF NORMS AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP 171, 181 (Deborah J. Terry et al eds., 2000).
62 Richard E. Petty et al., supra note 60, at 344-
63 Wegener & Claypool, supra note 50, at 178.
64 This is one reason why Tammy Bruce stated that it is important not to let the
public know how "it's done." See supra text accompanying note 7. Hearing about the
need for gay rights from a presumably neutral newscaster, educator or clergy is far
more credible and therefore persuasive. "News" is more persuasive than "advertising."
The same message delivered via one of the "elite priesthood" such as (so-
67 Meaning how important or relevant the subject or issue is to the listener. For example WWII was not relevant to many Americans until Pearl Harbor. 68 Including education level, familiarity with the issue, access to other sources of information, and the amount of time or desire to actually "think" about the issue would be examples of ability and motivation. 69 Richard E. Petty et. al, supra note 60, at 354.
70 PRATKANIS & ARONSON, supra note 4, at 42.
71 LEON FESTINGER, A THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE 3 (Stanford Univ. Press 1962) (1957).
72 Id. at 12-
73 Id. at 17. 456 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
74 A sales professional would recognize this process in the way they are trained to overcome customers' objections: (1) Persuade the perspective customer that the particular objection about the product is not that important; "Do you really want to pay more just to get it in blue?" (2) Introduce additional positive benefits to outweigh the objection; "Sure the price is higher but the guarantee is better, has more accessories, and my product will last longer." (3) Change the perception of the customer; "It's not price you should be concerned about. It's value."
75 FESTINGER, supra note 71, at 95.
76 Id. at 84.
77 This is analogous to rhetoric, which once applied only to the few that were in hearing distance. With technological advances, rhetoric is now applied on a societal scale via marketing communications.
78 FESTINGER, supra note 71, at 31. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 457
79 Just as opposing politicians are always telling us what the "American people" want or feel or know.
80 DICTIONARY OF MARKETING TERMS (Peter D. Bennett ed., 1998), reprinted in
WILLIAM M. PRIDE & O. C. FERRELL, MARKETING: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES 4 (8th ed. 1993) (emphasis added).
81 Marketing often is framed as a discipline that meets consumer needs. Sometimes that means discovering the needs but more and more often it means creating a need that the marketers' products can then fill.
82 PRIDE & FERRELL, supra note 80, at 250 (emphasis added).
83 Id. Certainly, gay rights is both an issue and philosophy. This also addresses why positive images of gays need to be associated with the idea. 458 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
84 For example, a vacuum-
85 SHIMP, supra note 48, at 96.
86 PRATKANIS & ARONSON, supra note 4, at 3.
87 PRIDE & FERRELL, supra note 80, at 7.
88 VEITH, supra note 2, at 57.
89 BRUMMET, supra note 1, at 817.
90 See FRANK BROWNING, THE CULTURE OF DESIRE: PARADOX AND PERVERSITY IN GAY LIVES TODAY 152 (1994). 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 459
91 JONES & YARHOUSE, supra note 10, at 46; see also REISMAN, supra note 10; SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 34.
92 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 146 (emphasis omitted) (third emphasis added).
93 Id. at 188 (emphasis added).
94 SHIMP, supra note 48, at 72. 460 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
95 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 184.
96 REISMAN, supra note 10, at 245.
97 SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 31.
98 Id. at 35.
99 Steven A. Schwalm, Kinsey, Kids, and 'Gay' Sex: Why Schools are Teaching Your
Kids About Homosexuality?, Address at St. Paul's' Girls School, Baltimore MD (May
14, 1998) (transcript on file with the author). 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 461 Journal
of Human Sexuality on how the classification of homosexuality was changed in the
early seventies:100 [Homosexual activists] targeted members of the worldly priesthood,101
the psychiatric community, and neutralized them with a radical redefinition of homosexuality
itself. . . . [T]hey co-
100 The normalizing of homosexuality actually took several steps that went mostly
unnoticed outside the APA. Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
I described homosexuality as a "sociopathic personality disorder." AM. PSYCHIATRIC
ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (1st ed. 1952). DSM
II, published in 1968, had listed homosexuality to a "sexual deviation." AM. PSYCHIATRIC
ASS'N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (2d ed. 1968). The DSM
III limited the diagnosis only to individuals who were distressed about their homosexual
feelings, i.e., "ego-
101 "Priesthood" has special non-
102 Charles W. Socarides, How America Went Gay, AMERICA, Nov. 18, 1995, at 20, available at http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/socarides.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2002).
103 See GAY AND LESBIAN STRAIGHT EDUCATION NETWORK (GLSEN), JUST THE FACTS ABOUT
SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND YOUTH: A PRIMER FOR PRINCIPALS, EDUCATORS & SCHOOL PERSONNEL
(2000) (listing on the cover the organizations associated with the flyer), available
at http://www.glsen.org/binary-
104 In this case, the contrived appearance that the "vote pro-
105 SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 34.
106 Charles Socarides, New Business: NARTH Los Angeles, NARTH MEMO (NARTH, Encino, Cal.) at http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/narth/1996papers/socarides.html (updated Aug. 5, 1999).
107 SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 35.
108 SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 15-
and the Nature of Rhetoric, in LANGUAGE IS SERMONIC supra note 45, at 57, 59 (referring to the rhetorical device of disassociating negative symbols with the concept–recognizing that words have meaning and carry with them a power of association that goes far beyond the word itself). ELM theory would categorize this persuasion tactic as eliminating negative peripheral cues just as the tobacco industry disclaimed any connection between their product and cancer in order to protect sales.
109 This is an accurate description that is obviously meant to reinforce the idea that it is a group with rights. If society and its lawmakers legitimate homosexuality as a legally protected class minority, it would seem to raise questions about the rights of other sexual 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 463 minorities: necrophilia, pedophilia, fetishism, as well as practitioners of incest, bestiality, etc.
110 BROWNING, supra note 90, at 154.
111 Elizabeth Birch, Address given at the "Exposed" Conference, University of California, Santa Cruz (Feb. 7, 1998), at http://www.americansfortruth.com/lambda3.htm (last visited Apr. 8, 2002).
112 PRIDE & FERRELL, supra note 80, at 623. This type of pricing is based on perception rather than reality. One type of pricing that falls into this category, "prestige pricing," is described as setting a price artificially high to provide a quality or prestigious image by the nature of the price itself.
113 Id. 464 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
114 Julia T. Wood & W. Barnett Pearce, Sexists, Racists, and Other Classes of Classifiers: Form and Function of "…ist" Accusation, 66 Q. J. SPEECH 239, 239 (1980).
115 Id.
116 Henry E. Adams et al., Putting Freud to the Test, 105 J. ABNORMAL PSYCHOL. 440
(1996), available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/
freud.html (last visited April 8, 2002). This is a common area of research in the
study of the causes of homophobia. Heterosexuals who score "high" on a homophobia
test are exposed to homoerotica. Any arousal, as measured by a penile response, is
seen to indicate some 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 465 homosexual interest or anxiety
that may be an indication of internalized homosexuality. Id. This type of research
is often trumpeted by activists as proving that homophobes are hiding their own homosexuality
even when the researcher, gay or non-
117 One could argue that the carrot, an inducement, might more easily be classified under the marketing term "promotion" just as coupons or other direct incentives are considered sales promotions.
118 Jennifer Gilbert, Ad Spending Booming for Gay-
119 Adam Pertman, In Gay Market, Ads Target Big dollars, Not Big Change, BOSTON
GLOBE, Feb. 4, 2001, at E1.
120 Id.
121 Id. 466 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
122 Ronald Alsop, Cracking the Gay Market Code—But Brewers Employ In-
123 S. F., CAL., ADMIN. CODE ch. 12B (1997).
124 Air Transp. Ass'n of Am. v. City of San Francisco, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2937 (N.D. Cal. 1998). United Airlines and the American Center for Law and Justice sued to invalidate the mandate. United lost in a 1998 federal court ruling.
125 Gay Activists Launch TV Ad Campaign By Boycotting United Airlines, BUSINESS WIRE, March 31, 1999.
126 Bryn Nelson, Taking on the World: With Unencumbered Dollars and a Growing Infrastructure, Gay and Lesbian Travelers Are Breaking Down Vacation Barriers, NEWSDAY (New York), Apr. 8, 2001, at E10.
127 GARTH S. JOWETT & VICTORIA O'DONNELL, PROPAGANDA AND PERSUASION (1999).
2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 467
128 Id. at 42.
129 Id.
130 D.L. ALTHEIDE & J.M. JOHNSON, BUREAUCRATIC PROPAGANDA (1980)
131 Id. at 43.
132 JAY CONRAD LEVINSON, GUERILLA MARKETING WEAPONS 30-
133 KIRK & MADSEN, supra note 10, at 187.
134 Id. at 191.
135 Id. at 189
136 Human Rights Campaign Inc., at Associations Unlimited Database, IRS Document Display (Gale Group); Human Rights Campaign Foundation, at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
137 Id.
138 See Human Rights Campaign, Mission Statement of the Human Rights Campaign, at http://www.hrc.org/about/mission.asp (last visited April 9, 2002).
139 Human Rights Campaign, What We Do: An Overview, at http://www.hrc.org/about/whatwedo.asp (last visited April 9, 2002).
140 Human Rights Campaign, Youth College, at http://www.hrc.org/about/pac/ycapp.asp (last visited April 9, 2002).
141 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation Inc., at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 469
142 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), About GLAAD, A Brief Introduction to GLADD, at http://www.glaad.org/org/about/index.html?record=65 (last visited April 14, 2002) (emphasis added).
143 Id. This is another example of excellent marketing leverage. Similar to the influence of both APA's in mental health, journalistic/editorial guidelines set by major market newspapers are often adopted throughout the industry.
144 Id.
145 Id.
146 Id. Like gay instead of homo-
147 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, About NGLTF, at http://www.ngltf.org/about/work.htm (last visited Apr. 9, 2002); see also Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD's Laura Resource Center, at
http://www.glaad.org/org/topics/index.html?topic=108 (last visited April 11, 2002).
148 National Gay & Lesbian Task Force Foundation, at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
149 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, supra note 147 (emphasis added).
150 Id. 470 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
151 Richard M. Weaver, The Power of the Word, in LANGUAGE IS SERMONIC, supra note 45, at 34.
152 Patricia Nell Warren, Future Shock, ADVOCATE, Oct. 3, 1995, at 80, 80.
153 Parents Families & Friends of Lesbians and Gays, Inc., at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
154 Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, Schools & Youth, at http://www.pflag.org/education/schools.html (last visited Apr. 12, 2002).
155 Id.
156 Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, PFLAG's Vision and Mission, at http://www.pflag.org/about/mission.html (last visited April 12, 2002).
157 GLSEN Inc., at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
158 Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network, About us, at http://www.glsen.org/templates/about/index.html?section=25 (last visited April 11, 2002).
159 Id.
160 Id
161 Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network, Resource Center, Staff Development, at http://www.glsen.org/templates/resources/index.html?section=18 (last visited Apr. 11, 2002).
2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 471
162 Liberty Counsel, SSA General Counsel Rules for Religious Freedom (Aug. 4, 1999), at http://www.lc.org/hotissues/1999/hot080599.html.
163 Lambda Legal Defense and Educational Fund, at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
164 ACLU, at Associations Unlimited Database (Gale Group), IRS Document Display.
165 See generally, Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), at http://www.gladd.org (listing many press releases).
166 Human Rights Campaign, Mission Statement of the Human Rights Campaign, at http://www.hrc.org/about/mission.asp.
167 Weaver would define this standard theme of good and evil concepts as using "god"
terms—expressions about which all other expressions are ranked as subordinate and
"devil" terms—those concepts that are perceived as the lowest and most unacceptable.
Richard M. Weaver, Ultimate Terms in Contemporary Rhetoric, in LANGUAGE IS SERMONIC,
supra note 45, at 87-
168 BRUCE, supra note 7, at 78.
169 Id. at 79.
170 Id. at 60.
171 Id. at 82. Dr. Laura stated, "Love the Sinner, hate the sin." Id.
172 Tammy Bruce knows the Hollywood scene well . . . as she should having been president of the LA chapter of the National Organization of Women (NOW). She says, "There are two closets in Hollywood: one for gays and the other for conservatives. These days, the conservative closet is more jammed than the gay one." TAMMY BRUCE, THE NEW THOUGHT POLICE 196 (2001).
173 Katherine Lemons, Stopping Dr. Laura, ALTERNET, July 6, 2000 (quoting
Sarandon, on the Dr. Laura situation, saying, "I'm totally against wasting the airwaves to giving visibility to a person who is clearly in dire need of compassion, education, and a good shrink herself."), at http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=9427.
174 See e.g., Brian Lowry, On TV; Dr. Laura: All is Fair in Syndication, L.A. TIMES,
Jan. 11, 2000, at F1.
175 See, e.g., Christian Berthelsen, Taking Aim at Dr. Laura, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 6, 2000, at C 14. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 473
176 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD Laura Watch, at http://www.glaad.org/org/publicaitons/drlaura/index.html.
177 Perceived to be an affluent target market, homosexuals are known to be socially
motivated consumers who vote with their pocketbooks. Research shows that nearly 90%
of homosexuals said they would participate in boycotts against anti-
178 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, Schlessinger loses more advertisers, GLAAD Alert, (August 3, 2000), at http://www.glaad.org/org/publications/alerts/index.html?record=2456.
179 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD's Laura News Update, at
http://www.glaad.org/org/topics/index.html?topic=108.
180 Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD applauds Cancellation of Dr. Laura (Mar. 30, 2001) (emphasis added), available at http://www.glaad.org/org/press/index.html?record=2737 (last visited Apr. 8, 2002).
181 "Pull strategy" refers to getting consumers to ask an intermediary, such as a store, to carry a brand they currently do not sell—or in this case, to not carry a competing product. Such a strategy "pulls" the product through the distribution channel. 474 REGENT
182 The West Wing (NBC television broadcast, Oct. 18, 2000).
183 Press Release, Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, GLAAD announces Nominees for 12th Annual Media Awards presented by Absolut Vodka (Jan. 16, 2001), available at http://www.glaad.org/org/press/index.html?record=2663 (last visited Apr. 8, 2002).
184 The scriptures quoted were actually apples to oranges since the proscriptions cited were ceremonial law, but it made for good television. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 475 UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
185 Premiere Radio Networks, About Dr. Laura, at http://www.drlaura.com/about.
186 Id.
187 Id.
476 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
188 Larry Bonko, New TV Focuses on Old Films: HBO explores Gay Themes; PBS relives
'Kane' Battle, VIRGINIAN-
189 Id.
190 Id.
191 Id.
192 Kim I. Mills, Shareholder Resolution Information: Taking Stock of Shareholder Resolutions, HRC Q., Summer 2001, at http://www.hrc.org/equalityatexxon/shareholder/ hrcqsum2001.asp (last visited Apr. 13, 2002).
2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 477
193 Id.
194 Id.
195 Id.; see also Equality Project, Recent Corporate Campaigns, at http://www.equalityproject.org/hist.htm#recent (last visited Apr. 9, 2002).
196 Equality Project, What is Shareholder Activism, at http://www.equalityproject.org/what.htm (last visited Apr. 13, 2002).
197 Equality Project, How Shareholder Proposals Work, at http://www.equalityproject.org/how.htm#if1 (last visited Apr. 13, 2002).
198 Pertman, supra note 119, at E1.
199 Id. 478 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
200 Peter LaBarbera, "Homosexual Correctness" Advances in America's Schools, Briefing on Capitol Hill (July 2, 1996), available at http://frc.org:80/podium/pd96g0hs.html (last visited Mar. 3, 1999) (on file with the author).
201 Queer Resources Directory, Read This Before Coming Out to Your Parents, at http://www.qrd.org/qrd/youth/read.this.before.coming.out.to.your.parents (last visited Apr. 13, 2002).
202 PFLAG, Read This Before Coming Out to Your Parents, at http://www.outproud.org/brochure_coming_out.html (last visited Apr. 13, 2002) (emphasis added).
203 Id. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 479
204 Id.
205 Eugene Narrett, Educrats Selling Ancient Snake Oil, INSIGHT ON NEWS, May 13,
1995, at 28-
206 The name itself is supposed to be persuasive, drawing on the mythical 10% homosexual figures discussed earlier.
207 Project 10, Addressing Lesbian and Gay Issues in Our Schools, at http://www.project10.org/Flyer.html (last visited Apr. 13, 2002).
208 Id.
209 Project 10 Background, at http://www. project10.org/Backrond.html.
210 See SATINOVER, supra note 12, at 15.
211 Project 10, Teacher's Self-
212 Project 10, Teacher's Self-
http://www.project10.org/Biastest.html. 480 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
213 JUST THE FACTS, supra note 103 (emphasis added).
214 Id. at 5 (emphasis added).
215 In addition school officials are cautioned they "should be deeply concerned about the validity and bias of [such] materials." Id. at 9.
216 Id. at 7 (emphasis added).
217 Maura Lerner, St. Cloud State's Department Statement on Gays Causes Backlash,
STAR TRIB. (Minneapolis-
218 Id. The policy was criticized for "telling Catholic students they either have to reject a part of their church's teachings or get out of the program." Id. The statement said "[i]t is simply not acceptable for social workers to view homosexual people as perverse or as sinners" and "[i]t is not OK in this case to 'love the sinner and hate the sin.'" Id.
219 Id. (representing the homosexuals’ agenda targeting of the "priesthood" of the mental health profession). 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 481
220 Steven Waldman et al., The Battle of the Gay Ban, NEWSWEEK, Apr. 5, 1993, at
42-
221 Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues, Joint Task Force on Professional Practice Guidelines, at http://www.apa.org/divisions/div44/research.html.
222 Id. (noting Feb. 26, 2000 approval by the American Psychological Association). 482 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
223 Hawkins, supra note 9 (emphasis added).
224 Tori DeAngelis, New Date on Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Mental Health, MONITOR ON PSYCHOL., Feb. 2002, at 46.
225 Tori DeAngelis, A New Generation of Issues for LGBT Clients, MONITOR ON PSYCHOL., Feb. 2002, at 43 (emphasis added).
226 Margaret Rosario, Understanding the Unprotected Sexual Behaviors of Gay, Lesbian,
and Bisexual Youths: An Empirical Test of the Cognitive-
227 Ron Taffel, The Wall of Silence: Reinventing Therapy to Reach the New Teens, PSYCHOTHERAPY NETWORKER, May/June 2001, at 55. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 483
228 Seth C. Kalichman et al., Risk for HIV Infection Among Bisexual Men Seeking HIV-
229 Id.
230 Gay Domestic Violence Finally Measured, Family Research Report (Family Research Institute) Dec. 2001, at 1, 2.
231 Becky Ebenkamp, Dancing 'round the Gay Poll, BRANDWEEK, June 11, 2001, at 23.
232 Id.
233 Sarah Schulman, Gay Marketeers, PROGRESSIVE, July 1995, at 28.
234 BROWNING, supra note 90, at xii.
235 Schulman, supra note 233, at 28.
236 BRUMMET, supra note 1, at 809. 484 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 14:443
237 PRATKANIS & ARONSON, supra note 4, at 84.
238 NEIL POSTMAN, AMUSING OURSELVES TO DEATH 107 (1985)
239 BRUCE, supra note 7, at 192.
240 BRUMMET, supra note 1, at 749.
241 BROWNING, supra note 90, at 100. Frank Browning has lived in, reported on, and written about homosexual culture extensively. 2002] SELLING HOMOSEXUALITY 485
Source: http://www.regent.edu/acad/schlaw/lawreview/articles/14_2Rondeau.PDF
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